Associated Movements
Open Access
Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities
- Authors and right holders must grant all users a free, irrevocable, worldwide, right of access to, and a license to copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship as well as the right to make small numbers of printed copies for their personal use.
- A complete version of the work and all supplemental materials, including a copy of the permission as stated above, in an appropriate standard electronic format is deposited in at least one online repository using suitable technical standards.
Max Planck Society & European Cultural Heritage Online (2003)
Definitions
Open access (OA) is a broad international movement that seeks to grant free and open online access to academic information, such as publications and data. A publication is defined ‘open access’ when there are no financial, legal or technical barriers to accessing it - that is to say when anyone can read, download, copy, distribute, print, search for and search within the information, or use it in education or in any other way within the legal agreements.
https://www.openaccess.nl/en/what-is-open-access
OA is a publishing model for scholarly communication that makes research information available to readers at no cost, as opposed to the traditional subscription model in which readers have access to scholarly information by paying a subscription (usually via libraries).
Gold Open Access
Publications are made freely accessible by the publisher immediately upon publication. It often involves Article Processing Charges (APCs) paid by the author, their institution, or a funder.
→ Immediate OA via publisher
Green Open Access (Self-Archiving)
Authors publish their work in any journal and then self-archive an earlier version of the article (pre-print) for free public use in a repository (sometimes after an embargo period).
→ Immediate or delayed OA via self-archiving method/repository
Hybrid Open Access
Subscription-based journals allow authors to make their individual articles OA upon payment of an APC.
→ Immediate OA via publisher
Diamond/Platinum Open Access
Journals do not charge authors APCs and provide immediate OA to all their articles. It operates without direct cost to the authors; funding often comes from institutions, societies, or donations.
→ Immediate OA via publisher
Bronze Open Access
Articles made freely accessible on the publisher’s website without an explicit OA licence.
Blue Open Access
Through blue OA, authors can archive the post-print or the publisher’s final version.
Black Open Access
It refers to the unauthorised distribution of published content through various channels, such as pirate sites or peer-to-peer networks.
Open Science / Open Scholarship
Definition
Open Science is the practice of science in such a way that others can collaborate and contribute, where research data, lab notes and other research processes are freely available, under terms that enable reuse, redistribution and reproduction of the research and its underlying data and methods.
FOSTER (2019)
Open Scholarship: Expanding the Reach of Open Science
- Broader Approach
- Extends beyond traditional scientific disciplines to include arts and humanities.
- Engages not just the research community but also the wider public, including non-experts, educators, and policymakers.
- Supporting Collaboration and Innovation
- Facilitates interdisciplinary collaboration across arts, humanities, and other fields.
- Encourages the use of open educational resources for collaborative teaching and learning.
- Advances open data practices for the sharing and reuse of cultural heritage resources.
Tennant et al. (2020)
Open Source / Free Software / F(L)OSS
Definition and Philosophy
Open Source refers to software with source code that can be inspected, modified, and enhanced by anyone. It emphasises collaboration and community-oriented development.
Key Characteristics
It includes free redistribution, access to source code, and allowance for derived works.
Criteria
- Free redistribution
- Source code must be included
- Derived works must be allowed
- Integrity of the author’s source code
- No discrimation against persons or groups
- No discrimation against fields of endeavour
- Distribution of licence
- Licence must not be specific to a product
- Licence must not restrict other software
- Licence must be technology-neutral
Free Software
Free Software is centred around the idea of user freedom – the freedom to run, study, change, and distribute the software. “Free” refers to freedom, not price.
It has four essential freedoms: 1. The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose (freedom 0). 2. The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this. 3. The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others (freedom 2). 4. The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
“Free software” means software that respects users’ freedom and community. Roughly, it means that the users have the freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software. Thus, “free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of “free” as in “free speech,” not as in “free beer.” We sometimes call it “libre software,” borrowing the French or Spanish word for “free” as in freedom, to show we do not mean the software is gratis.
Free/Libre and Open Source Software
This is software for which the licensee can get the source code, and is allowed to modify this code and to redistribute the software and the modifications. Many terms are used: free, referring to the freedom to use (not to “free of charge”), libre, which is the French translation of Free/freedom, and which is preferred by some writers to avoid the ambiguous reference to free of charge, and open source, which focuses more on the access to the sources than on the freedom to redistribute. In practice, the differences are not great, and more and more scholars are choosing the term FLOSS to name this whole movement.
Jullien (2009)
“Neutral stance”: See https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/floss-and-foss.en.html
